Energy balance measurements and a simple model for estimating pecan water use efficiency
Junming Wanga,*, David R. Millerb, Ted W. Sammisa, Vince P. Gutschickc, Luke J. Simmonsa, Allan A. Andalesd
a Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Box 30003, MSC3Q, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM 88003, USA
b Department of Natural Resources Management and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs CT 06269-4087, USA
c Department of Biology, Box 30001, MSC3AF, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces NM 88003, USA
d USDA-ARS Agricultural Systems Research Unit, Fort Collins CO 80526, USA
Agricultural Water Management 91:92-101
ABSTRACT: Plant water use efficiency (WUE) is defined as the net dry matter production (DM) per unit of consumptive water use. It is a vital variable for plant growth, yield, and irrigation-management models. Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) C. Koch] WUE has been estimated for above ground biomass growth using evapotranspiration (ET) and DM data measured separately in different experiments. The WUE for whole pecan trees (including above and below ground parts), a direct measurement (ET and DMmeasured in one experiment), and a simple model forWUE based on weather conditions, are currently lacking.A 16.5mwalk-up tower in a flood irrigated pecan orchard, located in the Mesilla Valley of NM, was instrumented with energy budget and eddy flux sensors. Continuous, above canopy measurements of vertical fluxes of sensible heat, H2O vapor, and CO2 were made by the eddy covariance technique in growing seasons from 2002 to 2005. ET was calculated from vapor flux. DM production was calculated from CO2 flux assuming that dry matter of pecan trees was 46.4% carbon. During the growing seasons (May through November), the mean ET was 122.7 cm (48 inch) per season; the mean dry matter production for the whole trees was 22082.3 kg ha_1 (19684.4 lb acre_1) per season. The average seasonal water use efficiency for the whole trees was 179.7 kg ha_1 cm_1 (406.5 lbs acre_1 inch_1). In ‘on’ years (high-yield years) 13.8% of the dry matter produced was allocated to the harvested nut crop, while in ‘off’ years only 8.0% was so allocated. Similarly, the nut WUE as nut yield per unit water used (as cm depth) was higher in ‘on’ years, at 26.2 kg nuts ha_1 cm_1 versus 14.9 kg nuts ha_1 cm_1. A simple model for monthly WUE (kg ha_1 cm_1) as a function of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and relative humidity (RH) was obtained. It is anticipated that the measured WUE, the simple WUE model, and other data obtained in this study will be useful in developing and validating pecan growth, yield, and irrigation-management models.
