@article{JAMES20141, title = "Concurrent aerostructural topology optimization of a wing box", journal = "Computers & Structures", volume = "134", pages = "1 - 17", year = "2014", issn = "0045-7949", doi = "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.12.007", url = "http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045794913003398", author = "Kai A. James and Graeme J. Kennedy and Joaquim R.R.A. Martins", keywords = "Topology optimization, Multidisciplinary optimization, Aerostructural design, Coupled adjoint sensitivity analysis, Newton–Krylov methods", abstract = "This paper presents a novel multidisciplinary framework for performing shape and topology optimization of a flexible wing structure. The topology optimization is integrated into a multidisciplinary algorithm in which both the aerodynamic shape and the structural topology are optimized concurrently using gradient-based optimization. The optimization results were compared with the results of a sequential procedure in which the aerodynamic shape was optimized separately and then used as a fixed design feature in a subsequent structural optimization. The results show that the concurrent approach offers a significant advantage, as this design achieved 42% less drag than the sequentially optimized wing." }